Econ Papers Daily / 期刊论文
智能制造是否增加了技能劳动需求？来自中国在线招聘信息的证据
Does intelligent manufacturing increase skilled labour demand? Evidence from Chinese online job postings
摘要
Intelligent manufacturing, an emerging technological paradigm that integrates digital technologies with advanced manufacturing, may reshape firms’ labour demand by reorganizing production processes and task structures. Using data on Chinese listed manufacturing firms from 2013 to 2022 and more than nine million online job postings, this paper constructs a corpus of intelligent manufacturing scenarios based on China’s Guidelines for Typical Intelligent Manufacturing Scenarios. We apply natural language processing techniques to match job-posting texts with scenario descriptions and identify firm-level demand for skilled labour related to intelligent manufacturing. Exploiting firms’ staggered designation under the Intelligent Manufacturing Pilot and Demonstration Program, we use a difference-in-differences design to estimate the effect of pilot designation on skilled labour demand. The results show that intelligent manufacturing significantly increases firms’ demand for skilled workers. Mechanism analysis indicates that the effect operates through collaborative innovation and task restructuring: intelligent manufacturing promotes technological recombination, cross-organizational knowledge flows, and knowledge spillovers, while shifting internal task structures from low-skilled routine tasks towards new tasks and organizational governance tasks. The estimated effects are more evident among labour-intensive, non-technology-intensive, and non-capital-intensive firms. The paper provides micro-level evidence on how Industry 4.0 policies and technologies reshape firms’ labour demand.
中文摘要
智能制造是数字技术与先进制造融合的新兴技术范式，可能通过重构生产流程与任务结构重塑企业的劳动力需求。本文使用2013—2022年中国制造业上市公司数据及超过九百万条在线招聘信息，基于中国《智能制造典型场景指南》构建智能制造场景语料库。我们运用自然语言处理技术，将招聘文本与场景描述进行匹配，识别企业层面与智能制造相关的技能型劳动力需求。利用企业在智能制造试点示范项目下分批获得认定的特征，我们采用双重差分设计估计试点认定对技能型劳动力需求的影响。结果表明，智能制造显著提高了企业对技能型工人的需求。机制分析表明，该效应通过协同创新与任务重构发挥作用：智能制造促进技术重组、跨组织知识流动与知识溢出，同时推动企业内部任务结构从低技能常规任务转向新任务与组织治理任务。估计效应在劳动密集型、非技术密集型和非资本密集型企业中更为明显。本文为工业4.0政策与技术如何重塑企业劳动力需求提供了微观层面证据。