Econ Papers Daily / 期刊论文
企业间贸易：进口、出口与劳动力市场
Firm‐to‐Firm Trade: Imports, Exports, and the Labor Market
摘要
Customs data reveal the heterogeneity and granularity of relationships among buyers and sellers, showing how more exports to a destination break down into more firms selling there and more buyers per exporter. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model of firm‐to‐firm matching that builds on this insight to separate the roles of iceberg costs and matching frictions in gravity. In the cross section, we find matching frictions as important as iceberg costs in impeding trade, and more sensitive to distance. Because domestic and imported intermediates compete directly with labor in performing production tasks, our model also fits the heterogeneity of labor shares across French producers. Applying the framework to the 2004 expansion of the European Union, reduced iceberg costs and reduced matching frictions contributed equally to the increase in French exports to the new members. While workers benefited overall, those competing most directly with imports gained less, even losing in some countries entering the EU.
中文摘要
海关数据揭示了买卖双方关系的异质性和颗粒度，显示对某一目的地的出口增长如何分解为更多企业在该地销售以及每个出口商拥有更多买家。我们构建了一个企业间匹配的量化一般均衡模型，基于这一洞察，将冰山成本与匹配摩擦在引力模型中的作用分离开来。在横截面分析中，我们发现匹配摩擦在阻碍贸易方面与冰山成本同等重要，且对距离更为敏感。由于国内和进口中间品在生产任务中直接与劳动力竞争，我们的模型也拟合了法国各企业劳动份额的异质性。将该框架应用于2004年欧盟扩张，冰山成本的降低与匹配摩擦的减少对法国向新成员国出口增长的贡献相当。尽管工人整体受益，但与进口竞争最直接的工人获益较少，甚至在部分加入欧盟的国家中遭受损失。