Econ Papers Daily / 期刊论文
游戏化作为提升风险诱导理解的方法：来自小农户的实验证据
Gamification as an Approach To Enhance Comprehension in Risk Elicitation: Experimental Evidence From Smallholder Farmers
摘要
Understanding risk attitudes is critical for agricultural development, as risk is ubiquitous in the lives of smallholder farmers. Accurate elicitation of risk attitudes is essential to analyze patterns and biases in decision‐making. Ensuring comprehension and attention in risk elicitation tasks is particularly important, as inattentiveness generates noise rather than reliable results. Achieving this remains challenging, especially among smallholder farmers in the Global South, since many sophisticated risk elicitation methods require numerical skills that rural populations often lack due to limited education. To contribute to addressing this problem, we isolate the effects of illustration and gamification in risk elicitation tasks‐two elements that may increase attention and engagement, potentially producing lower inconsistencies and more reliable results. We empirically test the Wheel ‐task, an elicitation method designed to be easy to understand and engaging, to motivate participation. The task follows a wheel‐of‐fortune model, where a spin determines the payout, while participants can always choose between spinning the wheel and a safe payout. We compare the Wheel ‐task results to the well‐established Holt and Laury task (HL‐task) in its original form, as well as with probabilities illustrated using the wheel. We collected the data among smallholder coffee farmers from rural Colombia and Peru and in a pilot phase among smallholder farmers from rural Cambodia. We find low levels of comprehension across all three tasks. More specifically, we find no substantial difference in comprehension or levels of risk aversion when illustrating the probabilities in the HL‐task using a wheel. However, gamification affects levels of risk aversion, although these effects appear to be culturally dependent.
中文摘要
理解风险态度对农业发展至关重要，因为风险在小农户生活中无处不在。准确获取风险态度对于分析决策中的模式与偏差不可或缺。确保风险诱导任务中的理解力与注意力尤为重要，因为注意力不集中会产生噪音而非可靠结果。实现这一目标仍具挑战性，尤其是在全球南方的小农户群体中——许多复杂的风险诱导方法需要数值计算能力，而农村人口因教育水平有限往往缺乏这种能力。为助力解决这一问题，我们分离了风险诱导任务中插画与游戏化两种元素的效果——这两种元素可能提升注意力与参与度，从而降低不一致性并产生更可靠的结果。我们通过实证检验了"轮盘任务"——一种旨在易于理解且具有参与感的诱导方法，以激励参与。该任务采用幸运转盘模型，通过旋转转盘决定收益，参与者始终可在旋转转盘与固定收益之间做出选择。我们将轮盘任务的结果与成熟的霍尔特-劳里任务（HL任务）原始版本及使用轮盘图示概率的版本进行比较。数据采集自哥伦比亚和秘鲁农村的小农户咖啡种植者，并在柬埔寨农村小农户中开展了试点阶段。我们发现所有三种任务的理解水平均较低。具体而言，在HL任务中使用轮盘图示概率时，理解力或风险厌恶程度未出现显著差异。然而，游戏化会影响风险厌恶水平，尽管这种影响似乎具有文化依赖性。