Econ Papers Daily / 期刊论文
奥斯曼伊斯坦布尔的代际流动：来自法庭记录的证据
Intergenerational mobility in Ottoman Istanbul: Evidence from court records
摘要
Using more than 266,000 Ottoman court-register observations spanning 1513–1884, we measure intergenerational mobility in Istanbul over nearly four centuries. Honorific titles, validated against probate wealth records, provide our measure of socioeconomic status. Persistence in title status follows a fall–rise–fall pattern. It declined as the devşirme levy and competition for admission to religious schools brought outsiders into the ruling class. It increased between 1650 and 1800, when great households became the main setting for social reproduction, and declined again after the post-1826 reforms. Over the same period, the share of sons in a different title category than their father rose substantially. In contrast, the father–son wealth-rank correlation rose during 1650–1800 and declined after 1800. A decomposition of titled father–son pairs helps reconcile these patterns. The boundary between the elite and the non-elite became more difficult to cross during 1650–1800, while movement between the military/administrative and religious/judicial branches remained relatively stable. The increase in mobility came primarily from sons of untitled fathers acquiring titles, rather than from elite sons losing them. Thus, the expansion of the titled population occurred alongside an elite that became increasingly hereditary for roughly a century and a half. This is the first large-sample, multi-century series on intergenerational mobility in the Middle East.
中文摘要
利用1513—1884年间超过26.6万条奥斯曼宫廷登记记录观测值，我们衡量了伊斯坦布尔近四个世纪的代际流动性。荣誉头衔经遗嘱财富记录验证后，作为我们衡量社会经济地位的指标。头衔地位的持续性呈现“下降—上升—下降”的模式。随着德夫希尔梅征募制度以及宗教学校入学竞争将外来者带入统治阶层，这一持续性下降。1650—1800年间，当大家族成为社会再生产的主要场域时，它又上升，并在1826年后的改革之后再次下降。同一时期，与父亲处于不同头衔类别的儿子比例大幅上升。相比之下，父子财富等级相关性在1650—1800年间上升，并在1800年后下降。对有头衔父子配对进行分解，有助于调和这些模式。1650—1800年间，精英与非精英之间的边界变得更难跨越，而军事/行政分支与宗教/司法分支之间的流动则相对稳定。流动性的提高主要来自无头衔父亲的儿子获得头衔，而非精英儿子失去头衔。因此，有头衔人口的扩张与一个在大约一个半世纪里日益世袭化的精英阶层同时出现。这是首个关于中东代际流动性的大样本、跨多世纪序列。