Econ Papers Daily / 期刊论文
疼痛市场：鸦片、资本主义与止痛药的全球史
Markets of Pain: Opium, Capitalism, and the Global History of PainkillersBenjamin RobertSiegel, (Oxford University Press, 2026. Pp. 368. ISBN 9780197527825. Hbk £26)
摘要
This book argues that the story of opioids in modern world history did not begin with the American OxyContin crisis of the 1990s, and that this story cannot be told entirely as one of prohibition, crime, and smuggling.The core of the book is a narrative of the attempts of the Ottoman, Turkish, and Indian governments to negotiate a role for their opium growing and processing sectors in an international system that tried to restrict opiates to 'legitimate' channels, especially after the system was dominated by the Americans after World War II.This requires the author to draw on sources from several archives and touch on aspects of scientific, diplomatic, economic, social, and political history.It is also a surprisingly personal history.Siegel follows Ottoman opium brokers, St. Louis chemists, Indian bureaucrats, Turkish politicians, American drug crusaders, and others whose individual stories enliven the narrative whilst also showing how the drug business remained contingent and based on ethical factors and local relationships no matter how much governments tried to turn it into a fully rational, bureaucratic, and marketized system.Turkey, and its chief rival, India, had long histories as producers of opium.Prior to 1945, India sent much of its production to the colonial opium monopolies of Asia (not discussed in this book), and Turkey was the chief supplier of raw opium to the European dominated pharmaceutical industry.In each place, governments had been working to impose greater legibility and control on their systems, both to guarantee profits and to ensure the emerging international drug control system, exemplified by the 1925 Geneva Opium Convention, that their production was not being diverted into illicit channels.After 1945, the United States became the dominant producer and consumer of medical opioids and also the dominant power in the international drug control system.A system of managed trade developed, with India and Turkey trying to keep a market that supported thousands of their farmers, and the Americans trying to control production of raw opium, which might be diverted All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence technologies or similar technologies.
中文摘要
本书认为，现代世界史上的阿片类药物故事并非始于20世纪90年代的美国奥施康定危机，而且这一故事也不能完全被讲述为一部关于禁令、犯罪与走私的历史。本书的核心叙事，是奥斯曼、土耳其和印度政府试图在一个将阿片类药物限制于“合法”渠道的国际体系中，为其鸦片种植与加工部门争取一席之地的种种尝试，尤其是在二战后该体系由美国主导之后。这要求作者利用若干档案来源，并涉及科学史、外交史、经济史、社会史和政治史的诸多方面。这同时也是一部出人意料地具有个人色彩的历史。西格尔追踪了奥斯曼鸦片经纪人、圣路易斯化学家、印度官僚、土耳其政客、美国禁毒运动者等人物的足迹，他们的个人故事使叙事更加生动，同时也表明，无论各国政府多么努力地试图将毒品生意转变为一种完全理性化、官僚化和市场化的体系，它始终具有偶然性，并建立在伦理因素和地方关系之上。土耳其及其主要竞争对手印度，都拥有悠久的鸦片生产历史。1945年之前，印度将其大部分产量输往亚洲的殖民鸦片垄断机构（本书未作讨论），而土耳其则是欧洲主导的制药工业所需生鸦片的主要供应者。在这两个地方，政府都一直在努力使其体系更加清晰可控，既是为了保证利润，也是为了确保以1925年《日内瓦鸦片公约》为代表的新兴国际毒品管制体系认定其产量未被转入非法渠道。1945年之后，美国成为医用阿片类药物的主要生产国和消费国，也成为国际毒品管制体系中的主导力量。一种管理贸易体系由此形成：印度和土耳其试图维持一个支撑其成千上万农民的市场，而美国则试图控制可能被转用的生鸦片生产。版权所有，包括文本和数据挖掘以及人工智能技术或类似技术训练的权利。