Econ Papers Daily / 期刊论文
地方性政策：目标社区的机会之路还是污名标志？
Place-Based Policies: A Path to Opportunity or a Mark of Stigma for Targeted Neighborhoods?*
摘要
In France, place-based policies channel public subsidies to low-income urban zones labeled ”priority” neighborhoods. Yet, such policies may backfire by stigmatizing the targeted areas. This paper exploits a quasi-experimental discontinuity created by a reform that redrew the subsidy map using a local poverty cutoff to evaluate impacts on school outcomes, population sorting, and urban segregation across labeled and unlabeled neighborhoods. Using a difference-in-differences design, we show that public middle schools in newly designated neighborhoods experienced a persistent decline in enrollment relative to schools in unlabeled areas just above the cutoff. This territorial stigma, driven by school avoidance across all socioeconomic groups, redirected pupils to public schools in unlabeled areas and, among wealthier families, to private schools. Policy designation also depressed housing prices and triggered reverse gentrification, while educational support proved insufficient to offset rising urban segregation. Crucially, the stigma persisted even after neighborhoods lost their subsidized status, leading to sustained declines in academic achievement due to both reputational damage and subsidy withdrawal.
中文摘要
在法国，基于地区的政策将公共补贴导向被标记为“优先”社区的低收入城市区域。然而，此类政策可能因污名化目标地区而产生反效果。本文利用一项改革所创造的准实验性断点来评估其对学校结果、人口分选以及被标记与未被标记社区之间城市隔离的影响，该改革使用地方贫困 cutoff 重新划定了补贴地图。采用双重差分设计，我们表明，相对于刚好位于 cutoff 之上的未被标记地区的学校，新指定社区中的公立初中在入学人数上经历了持续下降。这种由所有社会经济群体规避学校所驱动的地区污名，将学生重新导向未被标记地区的公立学校，并在较富裕家庭中导向私立学校。政策指定还压低了房价并引发了逆向绅士化，而教育支持被证明不足以抵消不断上升的城市隔离。至关重要的是，即使社区失去了其补贴地位，这种污名仍然持续存在，导致学业成绩因声誉损害和补贴撤回而持续下降。