Econ Papers Daily / 工作论文
代表性、创新与产品采用
Representation, Innovation, and Product Adoption
摘要
During research and development, firms must decide which types of individuals to engage in developing and testing their products. We investigate how lowering the cost of including one group shapes its representation, subsequent innovation, and product adoption. In 2000, Medicare expanded coverage of clinical trial costs for elderly trial participants, a historically underrepresented group in drug development. This policy increases representation: trial sponsors expand trial eligibility to include elderly participants and increase the share of elderly participants. We find an immediate and large increase in the number of clinical trials for diseases common among the elderly, with the largest increase in drugs not yet approved and in approved drugs tested in new diseases. We document an increase in drug utilization of newly tested drugs among elderly individuals and analyze trial results, adverse events, and drug approvals. Our findings show how financial incentives can increase representation in product development and shift the rate, direction, and adoption of innovation to potentially benefit underserved groups.
中文摘要
在研发过程中，企业必须决定让哪些类型的个体参与其产品的开发和测试。我们研究了降低纳入某一群体的成本如何影响该群体的代表性、后续创新和产品采用。2000年，Medicare扩大了针对老年试验参与者的临床试验费用覆盖范围，而老年人在药物开发中历来代表性不足。该政策提高了代表性：试验申办方扩大试验资格以纳入老年参与者，并提高了老年参与者的比例。我们发现，针对老年人常见疾病的临床试验数量立即大幅增加，其中增幅最大的是尚未获批的药物以及在新疾病中测试的已获批药物。我们记录了老年人对新测试药物的使用增加，并分析了试验结果、不良事件和药物审批。我们的研究结果表明，财务激励如何能够提高产品开发中的代表性，并改变创新的速度、方向与采用，从而可能使服务不足的群体受益。