Econ Papers Daily / 期刊论文
当女性全权掌控：直接选举与女性领导力
When women take all: Direct election and female leadership
摘要
This paper investigates how direct election regimes ( à la presidential democracy) affect the gender composition of political leaders compared to indirect appointment regimes ( à la parliamentary democracy). I study a 1993 reform that replaced mayoral appointment by councilors with direct election of mayors by popular vote in Italian municipalities. Exploiting the staggered adoption of the reform across municipalities between 1993 and 1997, I find that direct election raises the probability that a municipality is led by a woman by about 2.5 percentage points, from a pre-reform baseline of 3.5 percent to approximately 6 percent. The effect is stronger in municipalities with a greater pre-reform female representation in municipal councils and is driven by more educated officials replacing less-educated incumbents.
中文摘要
本文考察了直接选举制度（如总统制民主）相较于间接任命制度（如议会制民主）如何影响政治领导人的性别构成。我研究了1993年的一项改革，该改革将意大利各市镇由议员任命市长改为由民众直接投票选举市长。利用1993年至1997年间各市镇交错采纳该改革这一特征，我发现直接选举使市镇由女性领导的可能性提高约2.5个百分点，从改革前3.5%的基线水平升至约6%。这一效应在改革前市议会中女性代表比例较高的市镇更为显著，并且是由受教育程度更高的官员取代受教育程度较低的现任者所驱动。